Among the most intriguing developments in recent years are the 4.5-generation fighters, a class of aircraft that bridges the gap between the fourth and fifth generations. These fighters blend legacy reliability and advanced capabilities without the high costs of developing fifth-generation fighters. These aircraft incorporate advanced avionics, sophisticated stealth features, and enhanced performance capabilities, positioning them as formidable assets in modern aerial warfare scenarios. To understand their significance, it’s helpful to look at a list of 5th generation fighter aircraft to see what came next.
The 4.5-generation fighters, initially conceptualized and developed in the 1990s, represent significant evolutionary upgrades over their fourth-generation predecessors. A key characteristic is the incorporation of integrated avionics suites and advanced weapon systems designed to make the aircraft less easily detectable and trackable by adversaries. Unlike the extensive low-observable features found in true fifth-generation fighters like the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II, 4.5-gen aircraft utilize techniques such as masking turbine blades and employing advanced materials to reduce radar signatures.
Lockheed Martin F-16 Block 70 jet flying with Bulgaria’s flag colors
The transition from analog avionics in the 1980s to widespread microcomputer use enabled rapid advancements in aircraft systems. This included the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, digital avionics buses, and infrared search and track (IRST) systems. Furthermore, maneuverability saw dramatic improvements through the adoption of relaxed static stability and sophisticated fly-by-wire flight-control systems managed by digital computers, capabilities prominently featured in 4.5-generation fighters. These advancements contribute significantly to the ongoing fighter aircraft comparison discussions.
While the United States has been a leading force in developing and deploying 4.5-generation fighters such as the F-15EX and F/A-18 Super Hornet, numerous other countries have also produced highly competitive models. These aircraft stand out as leading players in the complex landscape of modern aerial conflict. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most notable 4.5-generation fighters currently in service or entering service, often considered among the best 4.5 gen fighter aircraft available.
8 Chengdu J-10C
New capacities bridge the gap between 4th and 5th-generation aircraft
China has demonstrated remarkable progress in its military aircraft development programs over the past two decades. The impressive evolution of the J-10 fighter is a clear indication of China’s commitment to indigenous innovation in aviation. This advanced combat aircraft entered service in 2006, and production numbers have since grown significantly, with around 350 units built, surpassing the fleet size of many popular fighters globally.
Chinese J-10 jet fighter in flight against a blue sky
Developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute (CADI), a subsidiary of the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation, the J-10C represents a powerful evolution. It is often compared to aircraft like the F-16 and features a modern AESA radar system. A significant capability of the J-10C is its ability to carry the formidable PL-15 long-range air-to-air missile. The aircraft is designed as a multirole combat fighter and exhibits impressive agility, especially in airshow configurations, thanks to its light airframe, relaxed stability design, and prominent canards. The optional inclusion of thrust vectoring further enhances its maneuverability at low speeds.
Formation of Chengdu J-10C fighter jets flying during a Pakistan Day Parade
The Chinese military’s development of its WS-10 turbofan engines has seen rapid improvements across various variants. These engines, particularly enhanced by technology derived from the Russian AL-31FN Series 3 engine developed for earlier J-10 models, aim to compete directly with European or American designs. While significant progress has been made, external assessments continue to analyze their performance relative to Western counterparts.
“The J-10C is a significant leap into true ‘4.5th Generation’ capability for the PLAAF compared to the earlier variants of this distinctive bird, something he defines as including low observability to radar; the ability to supercruise (fly at supersonic speed without using afterburners); and extreme maneuverability at all speeds,” said Justin Bronk, Research Fellow for Airpower and Technology at the RUSI, as per Hush Kit.
7 Dassault Rafale
Performing various missions, including air superiority, ground attack, and nuclear deterrence
The Rafale is a highly versatile French twin-engine, canard-delta wing combat aircraft produced by Dassault Aviation. It has consistently demonstrated impressive combat efficiency and survivability during operations with the French Air and Space Force and Navy, as well as with international operators. The Rafale is anticipated to remain a crucial asset for France and other countries well beyond 2050 due to its adaptability and multirole capabilities.
Dassault Rafale jet flying at RIAT 2009 airshow
Highlighting its 4.5-generation capabilities, Dassault announced on January 23, 2014, that the Rafale had successfully completed its first test flight in a ‘heavily armed’ configuration. This impressive loadout included six air-to-surface missiles, six air-to-air missiles, and an additional 6,000 liters of fuel carried in external tanks, showcasing its robust payload capacity and operational range.
The Rafale is renowned as an “omnirole” aircraft, signifying its capacity to perform a wide array of missions effectively. These include air defense and air superiority, reconnaissance, nuclear deterrence strikes, air-to-ground precision strikes, close air support, anti-ship attacks, and even acting as a “buddy-buddy” refueling platform for other aircraft. This comprehensive range of capabilities is a defining feature of the Rafale.
Dassault Rafale multirole fighter aircraft in flight
The Rafale’s mission system is designed to integrate a diverse range of armaments seamlessly. This includes advanced weapons such as the METEOR long-range air-to-air missile, MICA air-to-air missiles (used for Beyond Visual Range interception, combat, and self-defense), the HAMMER modular, rocket-boosted air-to-ground precision-guided weapon series, the SCALP long-range stand-off missile, the AM39 EXOCET anti-ship missile, various laser-guided bombs with different warheads and seekers, classic non-guided bombs, and the powerful 2500 rounds/min NEXTER 30M791 30 mm internal cannon.
The aircraft’s store management system is Mil-Std-1760 compliant, ensuring interoperability in the weapons field and allowing for easy integration of customer-selected weaponry. With an empty weight of approximately 10 tonnes, the Rafale is equipped with 14 hardpoints (13 on the Navy variant), five of which are rated for carrying heavy ordnance or drop tanks. It boasts a total external load capacity exceeding nine tonnes (20,000 lbs.), making it a highly capable platform.
A French Air Force Dassault Rafale flies over the USA
6 Eurofighter Typhoon
Designed for air superiority and ground attack missions, with the ability to operate in various environments.
The Eurofighter Typhoon is an advanced twin-engine, 4++ generation multirole fighter jet developed by a multinational consortium comprising the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Spain. It is a cornerstone aircraft for NATO’s air policing Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) missions and is designed with a delta wing, known for its agility and effectiveness in dogfighting scenarios. The Eurofighter Typhoon is often cited in discussions about what is the best fighter aircraft in the world due to its performance.
Eurofighter Typhoon jet in flight displaying its design
The aircraft features a stealth-optimized airframe design, coupled with advanced sensors, control systems, and weapons capabilities that provide optimum combat performance. The Eurofighter Typhoon is considered a benchmark fighter aircraft, partly due to its powerful Eurojet EJ200 engines and relatively low gross weight, which together result in an exceptional thrust-to-weight ratio. This performance allows it to consistently excel across various roles, solidifying its status as a true “swing-role” combat aircraft.
| Specification | Value |
|---|---|
| Powerplant | 2 Eurojet EJ200, Thrust 2 x 20,000 lb (90 kN), with reheated turbofans |
| Maximum Speed | 2.0 MACH (1,323 knots, 1,522 MPH, 2,450 km/h) |
| Max Takeoff Weight | 51,809 lb (23,500 kg) |
| Ferry Range | 2,050 NM (2350 mi, 3790 km) with 3 × drop tanks |
| Max Flight Altitude | 20 km (65,000 ft) |
| Rate of Climb | 315 m/s (62,000 ft/min) |
| Fuel Capacity | 1,642 US gal (6,215 L) |
Ukraine has been actively seeking Typhoon jets since early 2023 to bolster its air defense capabilities. There have been reports suggesting the UK might potentially supply its cutting-edge Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jets to Ukraine. Furthermore, former Ukrainian Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov expressed optimism regarding the possibility of Kyiv receiving Typhoon fighter jets from Germany.
In September 2024, Ukrainian Defense Minister Rustem Umerov indicated that, following the approval for Mirage-2000 fighters from France, Kyiv was also engaged in discussions to acquire the Eurofighter Typhoons.
”The Eurofighter is more than an aircraft; it’s about to European collaboration and technological excellence. It ensures operational independence and supports thousands of high-skilled jobs across Europe. The programme exemplifies what Europe can achieve when nations work together towards a common goal,” said Alfredo Garrote, Eurofighter Expert series.
5 Tejas MK 1A
Showcases India’s advanced technological capabilities, featuring indigenously developed systems
The Tejas Mk1 is a 4.5-generation, lightweight, high-agility supersonic fighter aircraft. It is specifically designed for roles including offensive air support, close combat engagement, and ground attack missions. The initial variant entered service with the Indian Air Force in July 2016. The upgraded Tejas Mk-1A is anticipated to be in high demand, although its introduction has faced some delays attributed to technical challenges in production.
Indian Air Force Tejas jet in flight at full size
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), the primary industrial contractor, has committed to improving production efficiency to deliver the Tejas Mk-1A aircraft as promptly as possible. The Tejas Mk-1A is a prime example of India’s defense initiative for self-reliance in manufacturing, having been designed and developed indigenously as a 4.5-generation fighter jet tailored to the country’s specific requirements.
In February 2024, the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), under the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), signed a memorandum of understanding with the Indian Air Force (IAF). This agreement focuses on integrating futuristic weapons and sensors onto the Tejas platform, further enhancing its capabilities. ADA led the design and development of the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) program, which produced the Tejas.
Indian Air Force LCA Mk1A HAL Tejas jet performing flying displays
4 Mitsubishi F-2
Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in collaboration with Lockheed Martin
The Mitsubishi F-2, developed jointly by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Lockheed Martin, is derived from the U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon. It features an enlarged airframe and a significantly larger wing area (25% greater), which provides enhanced maneuverability and payload capacity compared to its F-16 base. A notable feature is its J/APG-2 AESA radar, which was the first production AESA radar installed on a combat aircraft, offering superior target detection and tracking capabilities. This makes it a contender among the best 4.5 gen fighter aircraft.
Japan Air Self-Defense Force Mitsubishi F-2 jet taking off from Tsuiki Air Base
The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) operates the F-2, primarily employing it as a close-support fighter jet. Its design incorporates improved maneuvering capabilities and lightweight construction materials. The aircraft extensively uses composite materials for its structure and wingspan, contributing to reduced weight and enhanced performance. It also integrates advanced electronic warfare systems and a sophisticated onboard computer system.
Technological enhancements like Control Configured Vehicle (CCV) design principles and features aimed at reducing radar cross-section using radio wave absorption materials contribute to its survivability. Increased thrust for takeoffs and landings also improves its operational flexibility. The use of composite materials not only reduces the aircraft’s weight but also lowers its radar signature, enhancing agility and survivability in contested airspace.
The F-2 features a reduced radar cross-section compared to older designs, contributing to its survivability in hostile environments. Its state-of-the-art AESA radar system is a key component of its advanced 4.5-generation capabilities. These continuous advancements demonstrate Japan’s commitment to incorporating cutting-edge technology in its aviation sector.
3 Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen
The three series of Gripen E, Gripen F, and Gripen Maritime offer a highly versatile and cost-effective solution for modern air forces.
The Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen, often referred to as the Gripen E/F, is a state-of-the-art 4.5-generation multirole fighter aircraft. Developed by Saab for the Swedish Air Force, it has also been successfully exported to several international customers, including Brazil, Hungary, and South Africa. This advanced aircraft is specifically designed to counter and defeat future threats effectively and offers a comprehensive range of capabilities, including in-flight refueling. When considering modern military procurement, understanding the fighter aircraft prices list for various generations is often crucial.
Powered by the General Electric F414G engine, the Gripen E/F delivers impressive thrust and performance characteristics. The aircraft has a maximum take-off weight of 16,500 kg and can carry a substantial payload on its ten external hardpoints. Its high-aspect-ratio wing design is engineered to enhance both maneuverability and operational range. Earlier Gripen variants were powered by the Volvo RM12 after-burning turbofan engine before these advancements were introduced.
Saab JAS 39E Gripen in flight, viewed from below
The Gripen E/F is equipped with an extensive array of armaments, making it a highly versatile and formidable combat aircraft capable of undertaking diverse missions. It utilizes its ten hardpoints attached to the airframe for carrying ordnance. Key aspects of the Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen’s armament capabilities include:
- Air-to-Air Missiles: Capable of deploying advanced missiles like the AIM-120 AMRAAM, IRIS-T, and Meteor for various air combat scenarios.
- Air-to-Ground Munitions: Can carry precision-guided weapons such as the GBU-49 Paveway II and AGM-65 Maverick for ground attack roles.
- Anti-Ship Missiles: Possesses the capability to engage maritime targets effectively.
- Precision-Guided Bombs: Ensures accurate targeting against static and moving ground targets.
- 27mm Mauser BK-27 Cannon: Provides a potent internal gun system for close-range engagements with a firing rate of 2,700 rounds per minute.
2 Shenyang J-16
The Shenyang J-16 is a Chinese multirole fighter based on the J-11 platform
The Shenyang J-16, also sometimes referred to by its nickname “Qianlong” or “Hidden Dragon,” is a 4.5-generation multi-role strike fighter developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation for the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). Building upon the J-11 (Sukhoi Su-27 derivative) platform, the J-16 is equipped with advanced avionics, including an AESA radar that provides superior detection and tracking capabilities. It also features a helmet-mounted display system designed to improve pilot situational awareness and targeting precision. When comparing the best 4.5 gen fighter aircraft, the J-16 represents a significant capability leap for China.
Shenyang J-16 fighter jet in flight
Recent joint exercises have sometimes highlighted potential areas for improvement. For example, during joint patrols conducted by Chinese and Russian air forces over the Sea of Japan and nearby regions on November 29th and 30th, 2024, an operational observation was noted. While a Chinese H-6N strategic bomber proceeded to the rendezvous with Russian forces, the Chinese J-16 fighters assigned to escort the bomber reportedly turned back after crossing the Tsushima Strait.
Analysts have attributed this behavior, in part, to the relatively high fuel consumption of the domestically produced Chinese WS-10 engines compared to their Russian AL-31F predecessors. This raises questions about the J-16’s operational range, particularly when operating far from base or in extended escort roles. Despite this, the J-16 remains a powerful and numerous component of the PLAAF’s modern air power.
Multiple Chinese fighter jets flying in formation
1 Sukhoi Su-35
This advanced aircraft is an evolution of the Su-27 Flanker that first flew +35 years ago.
The Sukhoi Su-35 (‘Flanker-E’) is a highly advanced 4++ generation, single-seat, twin-engine supermaneuverable multirole fighter. It is an evolution of the formidable Su-27 Flanker platform, which first flew over 35 years ago. The Su-35 is developed by Sukhoi, a renowned Russian aircraft manufacturer specializing in military and civilian aircraft design and production. The aircraft made its first flight in February 2008.
Sukhoi Su-35 fighter jet flying with vapor cones
The Su-35 is equipped with twelve external hardpoints, allowing it to carry a wide variety of weapons. This extensive ordnance capacity makes it highly adaptable to various mission profiles, including air superiority, ground attack, and anti-ship roles. It boasts an impressive maximum range of 3,600 kilometers (2,237 miles) and a ferry range of 4,500 kilometers (2,796 miles) with external tanks, enabling it to operate over long distances without requiring frequent refueling.
Powered by two powerful Saturn AL-41F1S turbofan engines with thrust vectoring control, the Su-35 can reach a maximum speed of 2.25 Mach (1,489 knots, 1,712 MPH, 2,756 km/h). Its armament capabilities include deploying long-range air-to-air missiles with ranges up to 300 kilometers, carrying heavy anti-ship cruise missiles like the Oniks, and employing a diverse array of air-to-ground weaponry. Radar-absorbent materials have been applied to areas such as the engine inlets and front stages to minimize detection by enemy radar systems, enhancing its survivability, a key feature for the best 4.5 gen fighter aircraft.
The Su-35 is fundamentally designed as an air superiority fighter, leveraging its high maneuverability and powerful sensors. In January 2025, reports indicated that Iran had reportedly purchased Russian-made Sukhoi 35 fighter jets, a development that has drawn significant attention and concern from Western nations regarding growing military cooperation between Tehran and Moscow.
The concept of 4.5-generation fighters initially emerged as a practical response to the inherent limitations of traditional fourth-generation aircraft and the exceedingly high costs associated with the research, development, and procurement of true fifth-generation fighters. These aircraft are, in essence, highly sophisticated evolutionary upgrades of their predecessors, integrating cutting-edge technology to significantly enhance their combat effectiveness and bridge the technological gap. The ongoing evolution of fighter technology makes the discussion of the best fighter aircraft in the world a dynamic and constantly updated topic.
